Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries will require applying basic health, hygiene, and physical distancing measures well. Daily implementation of these will largely depend on women, but they face many obstacles men do not. Neha Kumar, Agnes Quisumbing, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, and Claudia Ringler provide lessons and evidence on how women can be empowered to play these roles within the gender dynamic contexts they face—and in ensuring the crisis does not roll back recent gains.—John McDermott, series co-editor and Director, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH).
To contain the spread of COVID-19, health ministries and the World Health Organization (WHO) are advising everyone to keep up to date on latest developments, wash hands frequently, stay at home, and practice physical distancing when outside the home.1 These recommendations are inconveniences for most people in the United States or Europe, but for many in developing countries, even these basic precautions will be difficult to implement.
Here are some of ways these health recommendations affect women and men differently in developing countries, particularly in rural areas—and some ideas for how to address the disparities.
Stay informed
WHO recommends that everyone stay informed to obtain the most up-to-date information on COVID-19. This is a particular challenge for rural women, who have lower literacy and numeracy rates and less access to modern information and communication technologies. Mobile phones are seemingly ubiquitous, yet out of more than 2 billion people in low and middle-income countries, only 82% of women own one—meaning 393 million are excluded, mostly in rural South Asia and Africa. Even women with access may not have their own phones, and tend to use a smaller range of services.
Key barriers for women include affordability; literacy and skills to use the device; safety and security (including personal safety) when using the device; and lack of family approval. The gender gap tends to be particularly high in rural areas. To address these disparities, IFPRI, together with partners in Kenya (Groots Kenya), India (Self-Employed Women’s Association-SEWA) and Uganda’s extension service, is testing alternative ways to reach women farmers with information, including WhatsApp, posters and videos. Some countries and organizations are providing free cellphones or airtime to women to support them during the crisis.
Hand-washing
Frequent hand-washing with soap is a key measure in the fight against COVID-19—but out of reach for many households. In 2017, 3 billion people still lacked basic hand-washing facilities at home: 1.6 billion had limited facilities lacking soap or water and 1.4 billion had no facility at all. Unsurprisingly, this deprivation falls mostly on the poor; nearly three quarters of the population of least developed countries lacked hand-washing facilities with soap and water.
The task of procuring water for hand-washing and other domestic uses falls disproportionately on women and girls. Strict lockdown rules in many countries, including curfews and limits on congregating at common water distribution points, further compound these problems.
There are, however, promising interventions. In Bangladesh and Uganda, for example, the tippy-tap, a simple, low-water usage device, has been promoted to improve hand-washing, and combined with behavior change communication (BCC), targeted to women. IFPRI, under the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems has supported cost-effective social learning interventions to change sanitation behavior, with lessons for COVID-19.
Stay at home
“Stay-at-home” recommendations and the strict lockdowns in many countries have left both men and women jobless. Many migrant workers also lost their jobs and had to return to rural homes. In many contexts (for example in Middle Eastern and North African countries, India, Nepal, and Tanzania), women whose husbands migrate gain autonomy in decision-making, which is often cherished despite the increase in responsibilities. As male migrants return home, women suddenly lose this autonomy and role as the de facto household head.
On top of the financial stress to individuals and families, confinement can lead to mental stress. For men, who are typically seen as and consider themselves to be their families’ breadwinners, loss of employment and income may result in suicidal thoughts and/or domestic violence as an outlet. Men may also lose contact with their peers, exacerbating stress.
For women and children, quarantine conditions thus increase tension and exposure to potential perpetrators. Overburdened health services—often the first point of contact for women experiencing domestic violence—may be unable to respond. A comprehensive review by Peterman et al. 2020 identifies potential direct and indirect pathways between pandemics and violence against women and girls—including effects on economic insecurity and poverty-related stress, increased exposure to exploitative relationships as household structure and composition change, and the inability of women to temporarily escape abusive partners.
Stay-at-home orders also make it difficult for many women to procure food for cooking, one of their key responsibilities directly affected by COVID-19. Some women will need to decide to spend time permitted outside the home to procure either safe water or food for their children and families. And food insecurity may affect women more than men, as seen in previous work on the food price crisis of 2007-08.
Physical distancing
Yet we should not underestimate the resilience of women’s groups. PRADAN, one of India’s largest NGOs, is using them as a platform for feeding centers. SEWA is developing risk communication and community engagement plans using grassroots leaders and WhatsApp to educate members about protecting their families’ health. Thus, while conditions are more difficult, existing women’s collectives are proving a valuable asset in pandemic response, and may take on potential new roles such as testing and contact tracing. Gender-sensitive programming could also look into supporting men in their care-giving roles as well as providing psychological support.
Other consequences of the pandemic: Illness, death, and loss of schooling
Our previous work in Bangladesh and Uganda shows that shocks like illness and death affect men and women differently. The burden of caring for the sick falls disproportionately on women’s shoulders, so in the short term, their exposure to sick individuals may increase their risk of contracting the virus. Women’s assets may be sold first to cope with illness, so in the longer term, such losses may leave them more vulnerable to future shocks. Emerging evidence seems to indicate that men are dying of COVID-19 at higher rates than women, possibly due to a combination of biological and social factors. The death of an income earner may severely affect women, depending on inheritance patterns and practices upon marital dissolution (whether through death or divorce).
As their small businesses collapse and their informal work arrangements are cancelled, women will lose financial independence, affecting their empowerment in the short term, with potential longer-term impacts on children’s schooling (particularly for girls). This, in turn, could affect female labor force participation in the next generation.
Strengthening women’s assets should be a key priority in pandemic response and recovery. Because women’s assets are often the first sold in economic crises, protecting them to the extent feasible and rebuilding them following COVID-19 will be crucial. Such efforts also support women’s empowerment. Rebuilding the social capital embedded in women’s groups may also empower women to be more aware of and to avail public services, and to provide the leadership their communities need.
While the WHO’s COVID-19 guidelines are essential for everyone’s health, it is clear that women face challenges in implementing them that are quite different from those faced by men. Women need support from governments and international health and women’s organizations—now and in the future—to ensure that the pandemic does not wipe out decades of gains in women’s empowerment and family well-being.
Agnes Quisumbing and Neha Kumar are Senior Research Fellows with IFPRI's Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division (PHND); Ruth Meinzen-Dick is a Senior Research Fellow with IFPRI's Environment and Production Technology Division (EPTD) and co-leader of the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) Flagship Program on Governance of Natural Resources; Claudia Ringler is EPTD Deputy Director and co-leader of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) Flagship Program on Variability, Risks and Competing Uses. The analysis and opinions expressed in this piece are solely those of the authors.
The CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) provided support to IFPRI research cited in this post.
1. Other recommendations include respiratory hygiene and to avoid touching eyes and mouth as well as to seek medical help early if needed.
